Consolation behavior is friendly contact by an uninvolved and less
distressed bystander toward a victim of a previously aggressive encounter.
For
instance, de Waal, in his book Good Natured, presents a photograph of a juvenile chimpanzee comforting a distressed adult.
Consolation behavior has
been extensively documented in great apes only.
Tailored helping is coming to
the aid of another (either a conspecific or a member of another species) with
behaviors tailored to the other’s particular needs (as when one ape helps another out of a tree or tries to help an injured bird fly). Such behavior, in de
Waal’s words, “probably requires a distinction between self and other that allows the other’s situation to be divorced from one’s own while maintaining
the emotional link that motivates behavior.” There exists a large number of
anecdotal reports of tailored helping in apes.
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