Only one kind of memory, declarative memory, is impaired in H.M. and other similar patients (Cohen and Squire, 1980). Thus,
MEMORY memory is not a unitary faculty of the mind but is composed of multiple systems that have different operating principles and different neuroanatomy (Squire, 2004).
The major distinction is between the capacity for conscious, declarative memory about facts and events and a collection of unconscious, nondeclarative memory abilities, such as skill learning and habit learning.
In the case of nondeclarative memory, experience modifies behavior but without requiring any conscious memory content or even the experience that memory is being used.
Nondeclarative memory is expressed through performance. Declarative memory is expressed through recollection, as a way of modeling the external world.
The different memory systems operate in parallel to support behavior.
For example, an aversive childhood event such as being knocked down by a large dog might lead to a stable declarative memory for the event itself as well as a long-lasting fear of dogs (a nondeclarative memory) that is experienced as a personality trait rather than as a memory.
A PERSONAL EXPERIENCE - AS TEENAGER i WAS KNOCKED OFF MY BIKE BY DOG
i RECALL IT CLEARLY (DECLARITIVE MEMORY) i NOW HAVE A FEAR OF DOGS nondeclarative memory
MEMORY memory is not a unitary faculty of the mind but is composed of multiple systems that have different operating principles and different neuroanatomy (Squire, 2004).
The major distinction is between the capacity for conscious, declarative memory about facts and events and a collection of unconscious, nondeclarative memory abilities, such as skill learning and habit learning.
In the case of nondeclarative memory, experience modifies behavior but without requiring any conscious memory content or even the experience that memory is being used.
Nondeclarative memory is expressed through performance. Declarative memory is expressed through recollection, as a way of modeling the external world.
The different memory systems operate in parallel to support behavior.
For example, an aversive childhood event such as being knocked down by a large dog might lead to a stable declarative memory for the event itself as well as a long-lasting fear of dogs (a nondeclarative memory) that is experienced as a personality trait rather than as a memory.
A PERSONAL EXPERIENCE - AS TEENAGER i WAS KNOCKED OFF MY BIKE BY DOG
i RECALL IT CLEARLY (DECLARITIVE MEMORY) i NOW HAVE A FEAR OF DOGS nondeclarative memory
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